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evolution of eusociality
The evolution of eusociality occurred repeatedly in different orders of animals, particularly the hymenoptera. This 'true sociality' in animals, in which sterile individuals work to further the reproductive success of others, is found in termites, ambrosia beetles, gall-dwelling aphids, thrips, marine sponge-dwelling shrimp (''Synalpheus regalis''), naked mole-rats (''Heterocephalus glaber''), and the insect order Hymenoptera (which includes bees, wasps, and ants).〔Andersson, M. (1984) Evolution of eusociality. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 165-189〕 The fact that this behavior has evolved so many times in the hymenoptera (between 8 and 11 times 〔), but remains rare throughout the rest of the animal kingdom, has made the evolution of eusociality a topic of debate among evolutionary biologists. Eusocial organisms at first appear to behave in stark contrast with simple interpretations of Darwinian evolution: passing on one’s genes to the next generation, or fitness, is a central idea in evolutionary biology.
Current theories propose that the evolution of eusociality occurred either due to kin selection, proposed by W.D. Hamilton,〔Hamilton, W.D. (1964) The genetical theory of social behaviour, I,II. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7:1-52〕 or by the competing theory of multilevel selection as proposed by E.O. Wilson and colleagues.〔 No single trait or model is sufficient to explain the evolution of eusociality, and most likely the pathway to eusociality involved a combination of the pre-conditions, ecological factors, and genetic influences.
==Overview of eusociality==
(詳細はphilopatry, and reproductive altruism.〔Honeycutt, R. (1992) Naked mole-rats. Am. Scientist 80:43-53〕 Overlapping generations means that multiple generations live together, and that older offspring may help the parents raise their siblings. Cooperative brood care is when individuals other than the parents assist in raising the offspring through means such as food gathering and protection. Philopatry is when individuals remain living in their birthplace.
The final category, reproductive altruism, is the most divergent from other social orders. Altruism occurs when an individual performs a behavior that benefits a recipient in some way, but at the individual’s own expense.〔 Reproductive altruism is one of the most extreme forms of altruism. This is when most members of the group give up their own breeding opportunities in order to participate in the reproductive success of other individuals.〔 The individuals giving up their own reproductive success form a sterile caste of workers within the group. So far, each species that practices reproductive altruism is ruled by a queen, the only breeding female who is larger than the rest. The remainder of the society is composed of a few breeding males, sterile male and female workers, and the young.〔
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